Event Data
{"article_title":"2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis.","author":"Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, Borzellino G, Cimbanassi S, Boerna D, Coccolini F, Tufo A, Di Martino M, Leung J, Sartelli M, Ceresoli M, Maier RV, Poiasina E, De Angelis N, Magnone S, Fugazzola P, Paolillo C, Coimbra R, Di Saverio S, De Simone B, Weber DG, Sakakushev BE, Lucianetti A, Kirkpatrick AW, Fraga GP, Wani I, Biffl WL, Chiara O, Abu-Zidan F, Moore EE, Lepp\u00e4niemi A, Kluger Y, Catena F, Ansaloni L","journal_title":"World journal of emergency surgery : WJES","issn":"1749-7922","isbn":"","publication_date":"2020-11-05","volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"61","page_count":"","accession_number":"33153472","doi":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x","publisher":"BioMed Central","doctype":"Journal Article","subjects":"Cholecystectomy methods; Cholecystitis, Acute diagnosis; Cholecystitis, Acute surgery; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; Drainage; Humans","interest_area":["Gastroenterology"," Emergency Medicine"],"abstract":"Background: Acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) has a high incidence in the general population. The presence of several areas of uncertainty, along with the availability of new evidence, prompted the current update of the 2016 WSES (World Society of Emergency Surgery) Guidelines on ACC. Materials and Methods: The WSES president appointed four members as a scientific secretariat, four members as an organization committee and four members as a scientific committee, choosing them from the expert affiliates of WSES. Relevant key questions were constructed, and the task force produced drafts of each section based on the best scientific evidence from PubMed and EMBASE Library; recommendations were developed in order to answer these key questions. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were reviewed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria (see https:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\/ ). All the statements were presented, discussed and voted upon during the Consensus Conference at the 6th World Congress of the World Society of Emergency Surgery held in Nijmegen (NL) in May 2019. A revised version of the statements was voted upon via an online questionnaire until consensus was reached. Results: The pivotal role of surgery is confirmed, including in high-risk patients. When compared with the WSES 2016 guidelines, the role of gallbladder drainage is reduced, despite the considerable technical improvements available. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) should be the standard of care whenever possible, even in subgroups of patients who are considered fragile, such as the elderly; those with cardiac disease, renal disease and cirrhosis; or those who are generally at high risk for surgery. Subtotal cholecystectomy is safe and represents a valuable option in cases of difficult gallbladder removal. Conclusions, Knowledge Gaps and Research Recommendations: ELC has a central role in the management of patients with ACC. The value of surgical treatment for high-risk patients should lead to a distinction between high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery. Further evidence on the role of clinical judgement and the use of clinical scores as adjunctive tools to guide treatment of high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery is required. The development of local policies for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended.","url":"https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdl&AN=33153472","isPdfLink":false,"isSAML":true,"an":"33153472","number_other":"","type_pub":"","issn_electronic":"1749-7922","languages":"English","language":"eng","date_entry":"Date Created: 20201106 Date Completed: 20210816 Latest Revision: 20231112","date_update":"20240105","titleSource":"World journal of emergency surgery : WJES [World J Emerg Surg] 2020 Nov 05; Vol. 15 (1), pp. 61. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 05.","date_pub_cy":"","type_document":"","contract_publisher":"","authored_on":"2020-11-05","description":"Background: Acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) has a high incidence in the general population. The presence of several areas of uncertainty, along with the availability of new evidence, prompted the current update of the 2016 WSES (World Society of Emergency Surgery) Guidelines on ACC.<br \/>Materials and Methods: The WSES president appointed four members as a scientific secretariat, four members as an organization committee and four members as a scientific committee, choosing them from the expert affiliates of WSES. Relevant key questions were constructed, and the task force produced drafts of each section based on the best scientific evidence from PubMed and EMBASE Library; recommendations were developed in order to answer these key questions. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were reviewed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria (see https:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\/ ). All the statements were presented, discussed and voted upon during the Consensus Conference at the 6th World Congress of the World Society of Emergency Surgery held in Nijmegen (NL) in May 2019. A revised version of the statements was voted upon via an online questionnaire until consensus was reached.<br \/>Results: The pivotal role of surgery is confirmed, including in high-risk patients. When compared with the WSES 2016 guidelines, the role of gallbladder drainage is reduced, despite the considerable technical improvements available. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) should be the standard of care whenever possible, even in subgroups of patients who are considered fragile, such as the elderly; those with cardiac disease, renal disease and cirrhosis; or those who are generally at high risk for surgery. Subtotal cholecystectomy is safe and represents a valuable option in cases of difficult gallbladder removal.<br \/>Conclusions, Knowledge Gaps and Research Recommendations: ELC has a central role in the management of patients with ACC. The value of surgical treatment for high-risk patients should lead to a distinction between high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery. Further evidence on the role of clinical judgement and the use of clinical scores as adjunctive tools to guide treatment of high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery is required. The development of local policies for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended.","upload_link":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.1385\/1-59259-907-9%3A125","no_of_pages":"","authored_by":"Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, Borzellino G, Cimbanassi S, Boerna D, Coccolini F, Tufo A, Di Martino M, Leung J, Sartelli M, Ceresoli M, Maier RV, Poiasina E, De Angelis N, Magnone S, Fugazzola P, Paolillo C, Coimbra R, Di Saverio S, De Simone B, Weber DG, Sakakushev BE, Lucianetti A, Kirkpatrick AW, Fraga GP, Wani I, Biffl WL, Chiara O, Abu-Zidan F, Moore EE, Lepp\u00e4niemi A, Kluger Y, Catena F, Ansaloni L","additionalInfo":{"Authored_By":"Walker, John M., Zhu, Tuofu, Tobaly-Tapiero, Jo\u00eblle, Bittoun, Patricia, Sa\u00efb, Ali","Published_Date":"2005-01-01","Source":"Human Retrovirus Protocols. 2005, p125-137. 13p.","Languages":"English","Title_Abbreviations":"Human Retrovirus Protocols"},"header":{"DbId":"edo","DbLabel":"Supplemental Index","An":"33153472","RelevancyScore":"847","PubType":"Book","PubTypeId":"book","PreciseRelevancyScore":"847.329467773438"},"plink":"https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edo&AN=33153472&authtype=shib&custid=ns346513&group=main&profile=eds"}
Description
The isolation of a retrovirus from peripheral blood lymphocytes/monocytes can be a difficult task, requiring the fulfillment of three essential parameters. First, this viral agent must infect such cells in vivo. Second, these circulating cells should harbor wild-type proviruses. Finally, the viral agent has to express, at least when these cells are cultured in vitro, the structural proteins necessary for the production of viral particles. Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaviruses, are complex retroviruses whose genomic organization has been known since the cloning of the prototypic primate foamy virus type 1. These retroviruses infect most cell lines in culture, but circulating lymphocytes seem to represent their major reservoir in vivo. FV infection leads to the formation of multinucleated giant cells, resulting from the fusion of adjacent infected cells, which present multiple vacuoles giving the monolayer culture a foam aspect. These two features, combined with electron microscopy studies, have helped investigators in their attempt to isolate new FVs. These viruses were described and isolated from different animal species, mostly in nonhuman primates. Here we present the successive steps leading to the isolation of the equine foamy virus from peripheral blood lymphocytes of infected horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
